Anselm And Aquinas On How God Exists - 1277 Words

To begin with, while reading Anselm and Aquinas’ views on how God exists, these important philosophers spent much of their time looking and searching for the idea that God actually exists. Therefore, of course there would be some mishaps along the way and people would try to argue against their idea of God’s existence. In this paper will be explained the proof of God and of course some objections against them that will make you wonder. With Anselm s ontological argument and Aquinas’ ways, we can use that to help prove God’s existence. It would be self-contradictory to deny that anything greater than the all perfect God exists. In chapter two of Anselm, we read about how the fool who doesn’t believe in God, Anselm tells him that,†¦show more content†¦Anselm does a good job of showing how God exists in our understanding and therefore could exist in reality, however there can also be an objection to this. Exactly how Guanilo did to him, when he brought up the idea of the ‘Perfect Island’. He replies to Anselm, criticizing how if there was proof for the most greatest, conceivable island; which there isn’t, then Guanilo believes that there isn’t enough proof of the greatest conceivable being, which is God. â€Å"If one were to try to prove to me that this island in truth exists and it’s existence should no longer be questioned, either I would think he was joking or I would not know whether to consider him or me the greater fool, me for conceding his argument or him for supposing he had established with any certainty such an island’s existence without first showing such excellence to be real and its existence indubitable rather than just a figment of my understanding, whose excellence is uncertain† (pg. 311, Guanilo [6]). Therefore, Guanilo says that even though there is a concept of a perfect island that does not prove the actual existence of it. Hereby saying that Anselm doesn’t have the proof to conclude God’s existence is real. But, this goes back to saying that this does not actually defeat the thesis; because even if you can think of something greater than God, then surely a greater being must exist still claiming that God’s existence is true.

Katharina in Taming of the Shrew Essay - 2169 Words

The Character of Katharina in Taming of the Shrew In Shakespeares Taming of the Shrew, the character that has caused much debate and discussion has been Katharina, the shrew. The topic has usually been whether she was tamed, liberated, or whether she was just a good enough actress to make everyone think she was tamed. In this essay, I will present arguments for and against each of these points, as well as discuss one television adaptation of Taming of the Shrew that presents Katharina not as the expected shrew, but as Petruchios tamer. Katharina: The Whipped Shrew There is evidence that supports Katharina was tamed by Petruchio. For instance, in the opening of the play, Katharina is very vocal†¦show more content†¦Her speech leads the audience to see that this duty of the wife is one that is a repaymentto the husband for all the hard work he does to support her, a debt that the wife could never possibly repay. Reasons why Katharina might not have been tamed can be found in the fact that the play takes place in what seems to be just a few days. One must ask the question: Is it possible to cause such a great change in a persons behavior in such a short amount of time as this? It is very unlikely that it is possible, since Katharina, by the opening of the play, is at least 20 years of age and is very much set into her ways. It would take much longer to cure Katharina of this attitude problem she possesses. With this in mind, it is very likely that Katharina was either liberated by Petruchio in how to control her temper, or she acted as if she had been tamed to get everyone off of her back. Katharina: The Liberated Shrew Since it is not possible for Katharina to have been tamed by Petruchio in the short time period of the play, it is possible that she was liberated by Petruchios actions. In the movie version of Taming of the Shrew, starring Elizabeth Taylor as Katharina and Richard Burton as Petruchio, the ending sequence is presented with the widow and Bianca refusing toShow MoreRelated The Liberation of Katharina in Shakespeare’s Taming of the Shrew2222 Words   |  9 PagesLiberation of Katharina in Taming of the Shrew       In Shakespeare’s Taming of the Shrew, Katharina is presented ambiguously with much debate asking whether or not her character is tamed, liberated or whether or not in reality she was a good enough manipulator to make it appear that she becomes tame when in essence her character remains the same.   Within this essay I shall be concentrating on the aforementioned as well as discussing a television adaptation of Taming of the Shrew that presentsRead MoreThe Transformation of Katharina in the Play, Taming of the Shrew, by Shakespeare750 Words   |  3 PagesIn Shakespeares play, the Taming of the Shrew, Katharina Minola, known throughout the story as a stubborn Shrew, progressively transforms into a compliant wife. The Taming of the Shrew is one of William Shakespeares great comedies. The play starts with an induction performed by a nobleman on a drunkard named Christopher Sly who arranged for an acting troupe to perform a play called the Taming of the Shrew. The beautif ul and elegant Bianca , younger daughter of Baptista Minola, has no shortageRead More Katharina and Petruchio from The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare1041 Words   |  5 PagesKatharina and Petruchio from The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare My two favourite characters from the play, The Taming of the Shrew, which was written by William Shakespeare, are Katharina and Petruchio. I find them extremely interesting, not just because they are the main characters, but because of their contrast, chemistry and similarity between them. They go from hating each other at the beginning of the book and by the end, Katharina is obedient, the taming is complete and Read More Comparing Katharina, of The Taming of the Shrew and Beatrice of Much Ado About Nothing1317 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Shakespeare’s Katharina, of The Taming of the Shrew and Beatrice, of Much Ado About Nothing Shakespeare’s Katharina, of The Taming of the Shrew and Beatrice, of Much Ado About Nothing, are very similar characters.   Each is plagued with unrequited love, and depressed by their inability to woo the suitor of their choosing.   Neither will accept the passive female role expected by society. Yet, both women seem to accept their role as wife by the conclusion.   Upon further examination, oneRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew916 Words   |  4 PagesThe Taming of the Shrew was written somewhere between 1592 and 1594 (Bevington 2). Taming of the Shrew’s titular theme is Petruchio â€Å"taming† his shrewish wife, Katharina, which was a common theme for plays during Elizabethan England. However, the play delves so much deeper into their relationship than just focusing on a male’s forced submission of a female. In fact, The Taming of the Shrew offers a sophisticated opinion on how a married couple should interact. Petruchio’s grand scheme of ho w he willRead MoreEssay on The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare1088 Words   |  5 Pages The Taming of the Shrew, written by William Shakespeare, is historical proof that flirting and temptation, relating to the opposite sex, has been around since the earliest of times. Because males and females continue to interact, the complications in this play remain as relevant and humorous today as they did to Elizabethan audiences. This is a very fun play, full of comedy and sexual remarks. Its lasting impression imprints itself into the minds of its readers, for it is an unforgettableRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew1322 Words   |  6 PagesIn Shakespeare’s play The Taming of the Shrew, the main character, Katharina Minola is portrayed as a shrew. Her behavior emanated from the fact that a father who treated her with indifference raised her and there was a lack of a motherly influence in her life. â€Å"Shakespeare sketches her character with a depth the typical shrew lacks† (â€Å"The Taming and Comic Tradition† 1) so her behavior is a defense mechani sm used to protect herself from rejection. Katharina â€Å"is aggressive and belligerent, butRead More Taming of the Shrew: Male Domination Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesTaming of the Shrew: Male Domination The Taming of the Shrew, by William Shakespeare, deals with marriage. The ideas explored are primarily shown through the characters of Petruchio and Katharina. We are introduced to the trials and tribulations which present themselves in their everyday lives. The characters bring up a traditional concept of male domination. Through the play we see the need for domination through Petruchio, and the methods he uses to dominate. While these ideas of male dominationRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare1316 Words   |  6 Pagespatriarchy, and have conquered in achieving a worthy opinion of their genders. In the taming of the Shrew, William Shakespeare expresses the Elizabethan views of oppressive gender roles and the expectations of the submissive behavior of women. This play is about a man named Petruchio who is trying to tame a â€Å"shrew† Katharina .The play is misogynistic, which is apparent through the constant need for Petruchio to tame the shrew, Katherin a, women’s dependence on men, and the ownership of women in the play.Read MoreTaming Of The Shrew And 10 Thing I Hate About You1063 Words   |  5 Pagesisn’t the only thing that is valuable in this world. Although in many film texts this is not the case. Particularly in â€Å"Taming of the Shrew† and â€Å"10 Thing I Hate About You† because in both of the films, the main male characters Patrick and Petruchio are predominantly motivated by money. However, they ended up falling for Kat and Katharina who have been set up as the archetypal shrews in both films. During the Elizabethan era money was a major factor that influenced society’s view of your personal wealth

The Old Man and the Sea free essay sample

This paper analyzes the characters, plot and metaphors in the Hemingway novel. This paper analyzes the Hemingway novels symbolism and metaphors as they relate to a fisherman?s hardships in overcoming adversities in one?s own life. Many of the objects, people, and places mentioned in The Old Man and the Sea contain another meaning. Santiagos sail, for instance, was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat? (p.9). Many of the other fishermen looked upon Santiago and his sail as a reminder of failure. Santiago was wrinkled and has worked almost to the point of wearing out, like the old sail. He did not catch a fish in eighty-five days, as well, which seemed like he is defeated and his fishing days are over. However, the sail worked despite its appearance, perhaps similarly to Santiago himself. Neither the man nor the sail gave up or showed any sign of giving in, regardless of their tired state. Santiago is patient, and waits for the fish to come get tired, and come up on his own. Santiago realizes that this may last a long time, so he put the line across his shoulders for a better grip. This was not a comfortable position for Santiago, but he ore with It. Santiago Is In physical pain, he spends three days in an uncomfortable position, and his hands get cuts all over them. HIS left hand gets a cramp which seems to refuse to leave. The strength of the fish would cause the old man to fall In painful and uneasy positions: He had been pulled down tight on to the bow and his face was in the cut slice of dolphin and he could not move. This physical struggle exhausted Santiago, and the weather alongside with the fact that Santiago hadnt come prepared were not helping. He was not only physically drained out, but also morally.Santiago struggle is not only physical, but moral too. It could be perceived as a personal Journey, as an inner struggle. From the way the author describes Santiago, we can deduce that he is a confident, determined and strong old man. As we get deeper into the story, we realize that this is true, but that Santiago holds nevertheless a certain weakness to him, and that he has to struggle with himself to stay strong. The following quote is a good example of this: I am not good for many more turns. Yes you are, he told himself. You are good forever. The weaker side of Santiago wants to give up; he doesnt have faith In himself, but then the stronger, more determined Santiago steps in to keep him going. Another example of an inner struggle is towards he end of the novel, when Santiago finishes fighting the sharks. He knows they have beaten him, yet he says: And what beat you, he thought. Nothing, he said aloud. l went too far. Santiago constantly contradicts himself, creating his small struggles. During this Journey, Santiago experiences different odds, and different states of mind.He is brought to new levels and he is psychologically challenged, and even though he is troubled, and in pain, we are able to see his gentle side, through his love of nature. Through the journey, we see Santiago closeness to nature. It allows us to see how much he really loves the creatures, and how much he respects them. We see this more precisely through the way he calls the fish his Brother and friend. He even says: Fish, I love you and respect you very much. Furthermore, his gentleness comes out when he talks to the mall bird: How old are you?Is this your first trip? he wants it to be safe, and Santiago love as well as respect for nature from the way he talks about other element in nature, such as the sea, or the wind: He always thought of her as la mar which is what people call her in Spanish when they love her. He compares it to a woman, and describes it using adjectives such as kind and beautiful. Later on in the novel, he talks about the wind, saying: The wind is our friend. As before mentioned, Santiago loves and respects nature. His closeness to nature is one that many few of us have. He not only uses it for the pleasure, but for survival. He counts on it to help him in everything he does. In summary, the Journey is important in this novel as it is thanks to it that we see Santiago evolve as a character. We see him in every state: confident, gentle, strong, weak, determined and defeated. In effect, this Journey allows the plot to be more exciting to the character, at the same time showing the importance of nature to Santiago, but also to the novel itself.

Nathaniel Hawthorne Essays (702 words) - Nathaniel Hawthorne

Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne, created many short stories which involved strange, or even stranger, supernatural events and behavior. Many of Hawthornes stories were written on the basis of his life occurrences and what he believed and also what he wanted his readers to believe. Also, almost every single one of Hawthornes characters in each of his short stories are faced with a choice in which they most choose between either doing something in which that is right, or doing something of which that is wrong, and there are consequences that follow either decision. Nathaniel Hawthorne, in his romantic short story The Hollow of the Three Hills illustrates his view through the main character, that life is short, and you need to do the right things while you have the time.Hawthornes life, what he did, and what happened to him, greatly influenced his writings, in fact, that is the only basis in which he wrote upon. When he graduated from Bowdoin College in 1825, he was determined to become a writer of fiction. Composition was the only subject in school he had shown interest in and actually excelled in. His wife, Sophia Peabody was the most important person who was in his life. He had the happiest years spending most of his life with her in Concord, New Hampshire. For Hawthorne, Sophia was his salvation, his only link to human companionship. As in the story The Hollow of the Three Hills, life and death are circumstances in which Hawthorne particularly likes to write about. Many other occurrences also influenced his writings, such as historical and legendary pasts, and his own life at Brook Farm, where he once lived. He would also often write about people who go through real life situations, but he likes to put a twist on them. Another thing that inspired him to write was what he could not see, rather than what he could see. He thought that writing on things that he could see, everyone one else could see as well, but if he wrote on things that he could not see, most likely no one else could see those things either, which would, in turn, make his stories more interesting to read about. Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts in 1804. During this time was the age of Puritanism, which was also an idea that he often wrote upon. Biographers view Hawthornes preoccupation with Puritanism as an outgrowth of his background. He also wrote about supernatural events. As in the story The Hollow of the Three Hills, supernatural events occurred. An example of this would be when an anonymous young character seeked advice from a much older anonymous character. The older character gave her the advice she needed through fortune telling and spells. After the younger character got the advice she seeked, shedied instantly in the lap of the older character. Hawthorne frequently uses characters which have mesmeric powers. Mr. Hawthornes distinctive trait is invention, creation, imagination, and originality. These traits are the prime example of Romanticism. He also wrote about the positives and the negatives of romance, and the affects in has on common people.Hawthorne, not only through his short story The Hollow of the Three Hills, but in other short stories that he has written, explains or rather tries to tell his readers that life is short, and you need to do the right things while you have the time. Because if you do not do the right things while you have time, you will most likely regret the choices that you have made, or did not make. Some of Hawthornes life experiences influenced his writing. Hawthorne liked solitude, he often roamed forests and lakes by himself. Troubled about money and saddened by the death of his mother, inspired him to write The Scarlet Letter. The Marble Faun was written by the influence of Romes historical and legendary past, its artistic treasures, and the blended grandeur and squalor of life. Recurring thematic patterns occur in Hawthornes work, this shows Hawthornes emphasis on the events on the human heart rather than on the events themselves. English Essays

Benifits of Foreign Travel free essay sample

Specific Purpose: To inform my audience of the benefits of traveling to other cultures. Title: Another Life Thesis/Central Idea Sentence: It’s very important and beneficial to take care of ourselves physically, mentally, and spiritually, but few ever think to use traveling as a tool to assist in the restoration of all three. Introduction: [Attention Getter] Taking a vacation is on everybody’s to do list but according to a study conducted by the Families and Work Institute only about half of Americans use their full 2 weeks of vacation each year. Motivate audience to listen] I found this odd, but when I examined my own life I found I haven’t taken an actual vacation in over 10 years. [Credibility]It just something I’ve always seemed to brush off by saying â€Å"Oh well, I’ll just take a nice vacation next year, but the following year the same thing happens and before you realize it you haven’t had a vacation in over a decade. We will write a custom essay sample on Benifits of Foreign Travel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Europeans embrace this idea of vacation almost religiously. In Europe vacations are guaranteed by law.In countries like Germany, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, employers are required to provide up to 20 days of paid leave. Americans, on the other hand, get an average of 12 days every year and on average use about half. [Central Idea] It’s important to remember that we are not machines and that we can and do become burnt out. When this happens it can affect everything from our productivity in the work place to our personal relationships with our spouse, children, friends, and family. Depression can become a real side effect and take control of a life we once loved.So it is important to catch a break from our everyday life and take time to â€Å"Stop and smell the roses† (Unknown). Travelling to foreign cultures is just one way to experience different thoughts and ideals for dealing with day to day life. [Preview of points]While many Americans realize the importance of staying fit by exercising it is way more important and beneficial for healthier, happier living to understand that staying fit means more than lifting weights or going for a run, but working out our bodies, our minds, and our spirit in order to live a true healthier life style.Transition Sentence: So let’s begin by discussing the physical benefits of foreign travel. Body: I. First and most obvious there will be a few physical benefits from foreign travel that will be very noticeable from the very first day. A. Walking 1. Whether you vacation in Europe or Asia it really doesn’t matter so long as you get away from America or Canada. Everyone else in the entire worlds seems to walk everywhere. This may sound scary for those who haven’t seen the inside of a gym in a while or in some cases ever, but after awhile you won’t even notice how much you’ve walked.You’ll become so immersed in all that you’re seeing and experiencing that it’s not until you return to your room at night or until you sit for a while that you begin to notice that both you’re feet now have a pulse. 2. The second sounds a bit unbelievable, but after a few days of walking around and once I begin to recognize the landscape. I usually have made a few friends with some of the locals even if I don’t speak the language. There is a lot than can be said with hands, faces and a smile, but once this happens I can’t help but to begin to feel like this could be my second home. B. Food 1.While Europe and Asia do have fast food franchises most will opt out in order to experience more of the culture being visited. This is very true especially if you’re a fan of the food back home. In my case nothing beats authentic Spanish Paella or Italian anything. But in most cases you’ll be eating a bit healthier while visiting and may not even notice. Most food around the world is not processed like it is here in the states. Don’t get me wrong Wendy’s and McDonalds can be pretty delicious, but I’d rather eat real food everyday; I just can’t cook as well as those guys in Italy or even the guys Olive Garden for that matter. . Throughout the day you may dabble in a few different wines, but for the most part you’ll find water to be the beverage of choice. Unless, you’re a beer or soda connoisseur wishing to try some of the local but undiscovered to â€Å"you† refreshments. Towards the end of the day you may finish a bottle or two of wine, but in your defense†¦ One, you’re in a new country representing America and you wouldn’t want to be rude. Two, wine itself in reasonable quantities is actually good for the blood stream therefore good for your heart so â€Å"BAME, Double Whammy†!Three, what better way to socialize with locals or other fellow tourist than ov er a couple glasses of wine or beer under a star lit canopy dinning â€Å"Alfresco†? II. Next we will discuss a couple of the mental benefits that you will become aware of throughout the trip. A. So, First in order to begin this awesome adventure it is absolutely crucial to learn this one lesson about vacation otherwise you should’ve stayed home and burnt every dollar you spent for this trip. So here is the first mental benefit of going on vacation. It’s learning how to actually take a vacation!The very first thing we must learn is actually the most difficult we must be honest and true to ourselves that we are on vacation for the sake of nothing more than our own well being and revitalization. With that being said we must let go of our old lives if only for the week or two we are on vacation. 1. So first, it’s absolutely important not to work, discuss work or think about work even as a second thought. Your life back home is on pause until you return. 2. Second sever any and all easily available ties to your life back home.Of course if you have children and have to check on them that is an exception, but leave your cell phone, laptop and tablet, PDA, pager in your room. Give the number to the front desk to anyone back home in case of emergency. There is always someone at the front desk and you never have to worry about reception. 3. The first two steps is to ensure that your mind receives the break it deserves from normal life. B. So now that you have accepted the fact that you’re on vacation and are enjoying or not enjoying all this walking.You will definitely notice things that are different; compared to home. 1. Your mind will definitely become broadened by every one of your senses. As every sense becomes titillated each sensation will become forever locked in your memory and you may notice to compare a lot what you experience to something similar back home. 2. As each day passes you may begin to see how differently other cultures deal with life problems. I mean everyone around the world has to deal with work problems, relationships, and out of control children, but its how we deal with them that tends to get the better of us.You may take a few notes just by watching how people just seem to not sweat the small things in Europe and Asia. It seems to me they as we as Americans live to work, the rest of the planet works just enough to live. Perhaps that’s why they get more vacation and work less hours. When was the last time an American labor force took a siesta? III. Finally we will discuss the spiritual benefits that come from foreign travel. A. First off, I must make myself clear that when I use the word spiritual I do so in a general sense of the word.I do not mean to use it in direct connection towards any God or religion. While most people do believe in a supreme being of some kind some believe in science or no God at all, but regardless of what we believe we all have a sense of self therefore we all have a sort of spirit. 1. A very possible but unlikely event of spiritual revitalization is the adaptation of religion. 2. A more likely form of spiritual revitalization may perhaps come from the peace and tranquility that one may find while visiting a spa or in a quiet location away from everything. 3.Once a peace has been given to the spirit, you will become refreshed and ready to continue with life annoying little problems but after a while you will become more aware of when you need a break. Transition Sentence: So let takes one last quick look at all we have covered today. Conclusion: We now know that a vacation is a lot more than time away from work. We have discussed the three parts of us that benefit from vacation the physical, mental and spiritual and the importance of keeping all three areas in shape in order to obtain a more happy existence.

Concept of Living Constitution in Essential of American Government Root and Reforms a Book by OConnor, Yanus and Sabato

Concept of Living Constitution in Essential of American Government Root and Reforms a Book by OConnor, Yanus and Sabato O’Connor, Yanus and Sabato, in their book (Essential of American Government: Root and Reforms), described the concept of the ‘living constitution’ as a document that is flexible and has the ability to change. During the development of the constitution, there was need to consider the changing society over time.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Living Constitution in â€Å"Essential of American Government: Root and Reforms† a Book by O’Connor, Yanus and Sabato specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the constitution had to be made in such a way as to allow its evolution in order to accommodate the needs of the society. It is also argued that the constitution was written intentionally to be flexible and broad. This was in order to allow for technological and social changes that occur over time. Thomas Jefferson argued that institutions and laws must not lag behind as chang es occur in the human mind. He suggested that people become more enlightened and more developed. New discoveries are made and new ideas and truths unfolded. Therefore, there was need to accommodate these changes of circumstances in order to keep pace with them (Scalia and Gutmann 133). He explained how it was impossible for a grown man to fit into the coat that he once wore as a boy. The constitution may be described as a living document in three ways. Firstly, it may be viewed as living due to the way in which formal amendment are made. It could also be said to be living based on the informal amendment process. The custom, tradition and usage of the constitution also make it a living document. The formal amendment process describes how changes are made to the document. There are two ways in which an amendment may be proposed and two ways in which it may be ratified. These methods have been highlighted in Article V of the constitution (Goldford 150). This section has played an impor tant role since it has allowed Congress to enact an amendment. Since a three-fourths majority of the votes is required for the amendment to be approved, it ensures that the Congress remains honest. This has also kept it constantly growing. Informal amendments can also be made on the constitution in various ways. Congress may pass them as basic legislations. They can also result from court decisions or executive agreements. The Congress may pass legislations as it desires. Executive agreements, which are contracts made between the head of state and head of foreign states, are used by the president when he needs to deal with foreign issues (Rehnquist 473). Court decision have for a long time been used to make constitutional changes in that they have led to the coming up of new laws.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The customs, traditions and the various ways in which the constitution was used in the past have greatly shaped the activities today. An example of a custom that has dictated how certain things are done today is the delivering of the State of Union Address annually. It is usually done at almost the same time every year. However, there is nowhere in the constitution where the individual responsible should do it at a particular time and in the presence of the press. However, it has traditionally been done that way and it has become a custom. Changes have also arisen from the use of certain portions of the legislation. A good example is the War Powers Resolution of 1973. It has never been formally enforced. Only parts of it have been used occasionally. Not a single president has stood completely by the resolution’s provisions. Another application of the living constitution may be in the reference made by the Supreme Court (James 49). In the eighth amendment, it talks of ‘evolving standards of decency’. It defines the c onstitution in broad terms. Therefore, it states that the court shall interpret the situation with the current societal conditions in mind. It recognizes that the society is constantly changing and so are the standards of decency. Constitutional Amendments O’Connor, Yanus and Sabato also discussed the several amendments to the U.S. constitution (350). Some of these amendments were not passed due to one reason or the other. One the amendments proposed to the U.S. Constitution was the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). This amendment was proposed with the promise of guaranteeing equal rights for the women (Nicholson 254). It was meant to take effect two years after its ratification. It was originally composed by Alice Paul and was brought to the Congress. Several decades after it was first introduced to the Congress, it passed both houses of Congress (Moore 78). It was then taken for ratification in the state legislatures. However, it failed to get the required number of ratificatio ns before the deadline. In addition to this, conservatives opposed the Equal Rights Amendment (Mansbridge 79). Therefore, it failed to be adopted. I would support this amendment since I believe in gender equality. I believe that men and women should be treated equally unless there is a sound biological reason to warrant different treatment. The government should provide equality in law and ensure that there is equality when it comes to social situations. Both men and women should have equal democratic rights. In terms of employment, both should also be paid equally for equal work and have the same opportunities when it comes to growth (training) and promotions. Women should also be allowed to pursue careers and get into positions that have always been occupied by the men. In many countries, women have been allowed to serve in the army. Some work in the police force and fire departments. Women should also have equal opportunities when it comes to the occupation of political positions or top management positions in organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Living Constitution in â€Å"Essential of American Government: Root and Reforms† a Book by O’Connor, Yanus and Sabato specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gender equality should be observed in all aspects including the home setting. For example, activities such as cleaning, childcare and nursing should not be considered as exclusively the women’s. Men are equal to the task and should take responsibility. The Equal Rights Amendment should have been passed in order to ensure equality of both men and women. The Every Vote Counts Amendment was another proposed amendment in the U.S. It was meant to change the way in which the president and the vice president are put into power. It provided for the popular election of the two individuals (Bugh 32). Therefore, this would mean that an electoral system is used in place of the Electoral College (Edwards 122). The two positions would be filled by the individuals who gunner the most votes from the citizens. Citizens from the different states and the district would elect a leader of their choice. The Electoral College have for a long time elected the president and vice president of the United States. I favour the passing of this amendment because the process in which the president and vice president are put in power is credible and appropriate. The choice of the leaders of a particular country should be made by the individuals to be led. This means that the citizens are the ones to select their own leaders. The Electoral College is made up of few individuals who may not necessarily represent the desires of the entire population. Therefore, all the citizens should be given the opportunity to vote in the leaders of their choice. This way, they would be responsible for the kind of leadership that the elected persons exercise. Voting should be regarded as the right of every individual. Federalism The American government was initially thought to be run under the system of federalism (Kelly, Harbison, and Belz 321). This is a term that was derived from the Federalists. It expressed the idea that the governmental power was divided between different units. These included the central government (national authority) and the states. There are several forms of federalism described by O’Connor and her colleagues. Some of them include cooperative federalism, fiscal federalism, dual federalism, new federalism and creative federalism. Dual federalism This is the theory of shared power in the U.S. government. The federal constitutional law assumes that power is divided into two different spheres. One of the spheres of power is in the possession of the federal government. The other belongs to each of the states.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Both spheres are equally powerful and are limiting to the other. In this case, the provisions of the constitution are interpreted and applied differently in such a way as to give authority to the governments within the particular sphere (O’Connor, Yanus and Sabato 247). However, it also works in such a way as to limit its power over the other. Fiscal Federalism This involves the division of the functions of the public sector and funds among the various parts of the government. There is an emphasis on the need for improved performance of the public sector. Proper alignment of the fiscal instruments is also required. A focus and the maximization of welfare are important to the optimization of jurisdictional authority. However, economic considerations only cannot be enough to ensure optimal jurisdictional authority. Political considerations must also be considered since it helps shape the fiscal relations between governments in most of the federations. Creative Federalism This f orm of federalism was popular during the 1960s. One of its characteristics was that the federal government was responsible for the determination of the states’ needs (Lowi 147). During this period, the federal government served the state directly and provided its needs, which included social services. There was need for liaison between federal government and the state government in order to plan how to achieve the set objectives. Cooperative Federalism This form of federalism assumes that the state and federal governments have equal power. The local, state and national governments work together to solve common issues (Hills 907). New Federalism This was created in order to ensure devolution of power. This form was deemed necessary after the state governments lost power. Loss of power was associated with the enforcement of civil rights in U.S. and President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal (Zavodnyik 166). There was a push and pull between the states and the federal govern ment and this prompted for some change in policies. It led to the transfer of power back to the local and state governments. It involved the provision of block grants by the federal government. Revenue sharing was also returned to the lesser governments. Civil Rights and Liberties O’Connor, Yanus and Sabato mentioned the rights and liberties enjoyed by every American. However, some have been jeopardized today. One of the rights of the American people that have been jeopardized recently is the rights to privacy (communications privacy). This may be seen in the way the private communications of innocent citizens are intercepted by law enforcement agents. The USA Patriot Act, in particular has led to such violations. The act came about in response to the September 11th terrorist attacks. This act reduced the restrictions placed on agencies as they gathered intelligence within the United States. It also allowed for the deporting and detaining of immigrants who were thought to hav e terrorist intent. Therefore, there was an enhanced domestic security against terrorism. This led to the enhancement of surveillance procedures by the particular bodies. Surveillance and wiretapping were extensively used and at some point caused conflict. The Electronic Privacy Information Center, for example, opposed the surveillance of packet switched networks. This is because the content in the address information would be exposed. There was also expansion in search warrants as the FBI could access voicemails. Only a search warrant was required in order for one to get access. The agents could also perform a ‘sneak and peek’ search. This was to be done without prior notice. This notice also prevented anyone from resisting any search even if it was wrongfully done. These practices threatened the citizen’s individual liberties since they thought it was ironic that their freedom was shacked and yet the main terrorists (such as Osama) walked freely. I chose to dis cuss this issue because it is controversial. From the book by O’Connor, Yanus and Sabato, I have learnt that the efforts of the government to safeguard the United States from terrorism have come with a cost and the citizens are the ones to pay. Going through people’s voicemails and emails infringes the right to privacy and this should not be the case. Another right that has been in jeopardy is the freedom of speech. The Democracy Is Strengthened by Casting Light On Spending in Elections Act (DISCLOSE) was opposed by several parties since it jeopardised the citizen’s rights and liberties (Kiang and Murray 41). This bill was introduced in order to prohibit foreign corporations from influencing the election results through campaigns (Kolodny 154). This meant that the corporations were not allowed to make political contributions or provide access to certain information (financial) to its members or the public. This, in a way, restricts some institutions from exercis ing their rights (free speech). Just as the American citizens were starting to express their rights to free speech, the democrats geared up for a vote on the new bill that would undermine the First Amendment. With the amendment of the bill, the playing field would not be levelled since the opposition would have been literally silenced. The funny thing is that the amendments were to be made only five months to the elections. This bill was opposed and criticised by the American Civil Liberties Union. This was due to its ability to cause unnecessary damage to the freedom of speech rights (Warburton 176). In addition to this, it did not consider protecting the privacy of the citizens. One of the negative impacts that would have been caused by this is the lack of donor anonymity. Some opposed it arguing that it would violate the principle of fairness and equality. I chose to discuss this case since freedom of speech should be enjoyed by every citizen in the United States of America. From what I have learnt from the course, I can rightfully say that laws that act in such a way as to prevent free speech should not be passed. Bugh, Gary. Representation in Congressional efforts to amend the presidential election system. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishers, 2010. Print. Edwards, George. Why the electoral college is bad for America (second edition). New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2011. Print. Goldford, Dennis. The American constitution and the debate over originalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Print. Hills, Roderick. â€Å"The political economy of cooperative federalism: Why state autonomy makes sense and dual sovereignty doesn’t.† Michigan Law Review 64.4 (1998): 813-944. Print. James, Leanoard. The Supreme Court in American Life. Chicago: Scott Foreman, 1964. Print. Kelly, Alfred, Winfred Harbison, and Herman Belz. The American constitution: Its origins and development (7th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton Co., 1991. Print. Ki ang, Mathias, and Andrew Murray. Human rights in the digital age. New York: Routledge, 2005. Print. Kolodny, Robin. The Several elections of 1824 – Congress the Presidency. Washington, D.C.: American University, 1996. Print. Lowi, Teri. The end of the republican Era. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006. Print. Mansbridge, Jane. Why we lost the ERA. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Print. Moore, John. Congressional Quarterly’s guide to U.S. Elections. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. Inc., 1985. Print. Nicholson, Zoe. The hungry heart – A woman’s fast for justice. Newport Beach: Lune Soleil Press, 2004. Print. O’Connor, Karen, Alixandra Yanus, and Larry Sabato. Essential of American Government: Root and Reforms, 2011 Edition (10th ed.). New York: Longman, 2011. Print. Rehnquist, William. â€Å"The notion of a living constitution.† Texas Law Review 693.54 (1976): 344-511. Print. Scalia, Antonin, and Amy Gutmann. A matter of interpretation: Federal courts and the law. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998. Print. Warburton, Nigel. Free speech: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. Zavodnyik, Peter. The rise of the federal colossus: The growth of federal power from Lincoln to F.D.R. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011. Print.

Management Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Accounting - Research Paper Example Management accounting is not a specific system of accounts, but could be any form of accounting which enables a business to be conducted more effectively and efficiently. Management accounting in the words of Robert S. Kaplan, is a system that collects, classifies, summaries, analyses and reports information that will assist managers in their decision making and control activities. Accounting may be defined as â€Å"the art of recording, classifying, and summarizing ... transactions and events and interpreting the results thereof†. Two types of accounting are usually taking place in organizations; financial accounting and management accounting. Financial accounting and managerial accounting are entirely different things even though some people perceive both as same thing. Financial accounting is a reporting method to stakeholders outside the organization whereas management accounting is a reporting method intended for the stakeholders inside the organization. In other words, management accounting helps managers inside the organization to take sound decisions. Management accounting is a multifaceted entity and therefore it undergoes various processes like data collection, analysis, interpretations, implementations of decisions etc. Management accounting can be considered as an extension to cost accounting since it uses many of the data used for cost accou nting. â€Å"From a management accounting point of view the primary purpose of management is to make decisions that may be classified as marketing, production, and financial† (Management Accounting and Decision-Making, n.d, p.24). Unlike cost accounting, management accounting is usually done through unregulated channels since it is intended for the internal use alone. Various sources of data such as accounting system, production and sales department, business process etc can affect management accounting. Sources of data for management accounting and how these data are used to make management decisions Accounts department, Production department, sales department and the business process are the major data sources for management accounting. Accounts department is the most important source of data for management accounting. In fact the top managers taking critical decisions about the future business strategies of an organization based on the feedbacks they receive from the accou nts department. Accounts department is the only entity in an organization which knows the current financial strength of an organization. They are the ones who hand the debts and credits of the organization. Moreover, they are the ones which estimate the profits and losses of an organization during a particular period. Accounts department also identifies the underperforming areas of the organization. All these information will help the top managers in taking sound decisions and guiding the organization towards prosperity. Only the production department knows the volume of raw materials, labor and time required for the completion of a particular job and therefore the accounts department should consult with production department before making any estimation about the probable cost an organization may spend for the completion of a particular work. Some jobs may appear simple in its nature; however, the complications involved in the actual production of such jobs are better known only to the production people. On the other hand, some other jobs would be easier for the production department even if it appears to be complicated. Since the accounts departments may not have the technical know-hows about the various mechanisms or methods used in the production of a particular product, costing of a job without consultation with the production department will always generate problems to the organization. The accounts department may quote more or less price for a particular job if they fail to seek the advices of the production de

Edgar Allan Poe The Raven Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Edgar Allan Poe The Raven - Research Paper Example It was possible that Lenore was the deceased woman being referred to in the poem (Cummings , par 9). The poem tells of a bereaved man who is completely devastated by the lost his loved one, Lenore. Suddenly in his moment of sadness, a raven appears who keeps on repeating the word â€Å"nevermore†, as if telling the man that he will never see his beloved again, not even in heaven. As in most works of Poe, â€Å"The Raven† has a very melancholy tone which is emphasized by Poe’s use of words such as â€Å"weary†, â€Å"dreary†, â€Å"bleak†, â€Å"dying†, â€Å"sorrow†, â€Å"darkness†, â€Å"stillness†, â€Å"ebony† and â€Å"grave† (Cummings , par 7). He also uses internal and end rhymes and alliterations to enhance the theme of the poem. â€Å"The Raven† was first published on January 29, 1845 in the New York Evening Mirror (eNotes.com, Inc. , par 1). It is said that the sources of â€Å"The Raven† are Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s â€Å"Lady Geraldine’s 1843 Courtship†, Charles Dickens’ â€Å"Barnaby Rudge† and the two poems by Thomas Holly Chivers, â€Å"To Allegra Florence† and â€Å"Isadore† (eNotes.com, Inc. , par 1). Poe revealed in his â€Å"The Philosophy of Composition† that he wrote about death in â€Å"The Raven† after asking himself what it is among the universal understanding of mankind is the most melancholy (Poe , par 20). Furthermore, he also asked himself what it is that is most universally appreciable and his answer was â€Å"beauty† (Poe , par 13). Having these two topics in mind, he then thought of combining them and writing a poem about the death of a beautiful woman which he considered â€Å"the most poetical to pic in the world† (Poe , par 20). In terms of symbolism, Poe also considered using a parrot in the poem because it was capable of speech. However, he decided to use a raven instead since the theme of the poem is melancholy. A raven is known to be a bird which symbolizes ill omen; thus, Poe decided that it was more

Elemental Cost Plan for Commercial Office Development Research Paper

Elemental Cost Plan for Commercial Office Development - Research Paper Example Total steel/ metal required is approximated to be around 300 kgs .This done taking into consideration that CPA is 951.6 sq.mtr .Labor cost is assumed to be 16 pounds/ sq.mtr for entire work. Equipment charges are assumed to be around 3000 pounds Material cost = 400 x 30=12000 pounds Labor charges = 16 x 951.6=15225.6 pounds Total cost = 12000 + 15225.6 +3000=30225.6 pounds Total masonry and concrete required per sq.mtr is assumed to be 0.6 kgs per sq.mtr. Labour charges for entire work are assumed to be around twice the material required. Material cost = 0.6 x 951.6 x (64 +5) =39,396 pounds Labor charges = 2 x 39396 = 78792 pounds Total cost = 39396 + 78792 =118188 pounds Total area to be insulated is approximately around 1000 sq m. This includes all external walls .The area is calculated from the available drawings. The rate of insulating material is taken 8 pounds /sq.mtr from the above table. Labor charges are taken to be around 4000 pounds for above project. Total cost = 8 x 1000 +4000=12000 pounds Total number of doors of ground floor = 32 No of doors on first floor =25 ... Insulation :- Total area to be insulated is approximately around 1000 sq m. This includes all external walls .The area is calculated from the available drawings. The rate of insulating material is taken 8 pounds /sq.mtr from the above table. Labor charges are taken to be around 4000 pounds for above project. Total cost = 8 x 1000 +4000=12000 pounds Doors and windows:- Total number of doors of ground floor = 32 No of doors on first floor =25 Number of windows = 53 Wood work rate is 114 pounds / sq mtr. Assuming 100 pounds are required to make one door and 100 pounds to make one window. These include material and labor charges. Total cost = 55 x 100 + 53 x 100 = 10,800 pounds. Exterior trim and finish:- Total exterior area is approximately 480 sq. mtr. Material rate is assumed to be 50 pounds/sq.mtr Labor rate is taken as 27 pounds / sq.mtr. Material cost = 480 x 50=24000 pounds Labor charges = 480x 27=12960 pounds Total cost = 24000 + 12960 =36960 pounds Gable roof rafters, Gable roof trusses, Gable roofing:-Total roof area is calculated and comes out to be 415 sq.mtr approximately. The rate is from the table is 37 pounds /per sq.mtr. pounds for gable roof rafters, roof trusses and roofing.

Literature Review About Management Information Systems Management Essay

Literature Review About Management Information Systems Management Essay In this chapter all of the concepts, theories and methods that are related with the management Information system such as system, information system and MIS will be discussed. The concept of educational management system is also well presented. In other sections the concept of EMIS will be considered in the world by especially focusing this concept in Pakistan will be discussed. In final sections of this chapter EMIS of COMSTAS institutes of information technology will be discussed. This data will be then act as guideline to analyze the empirical findings of primary data. 2.1 Management Information system There have been numerous kinds of systems that have been developed over the past several years. These information systems had helped to fulfill the needs and requirements of decision making not only at managerial but also at the operational level. Every organization develops its own management information system (MIS) which is totally dependent on the personal needs of the organizations. Management information system developed for one organization is useless for other organizations with different requirements (Cassidy and Cresswell, 1997). In the management information system, not only the system itself is important but to get the maximum advantages from the system it is important that the human intelligence, perception and judgment must be powerful and strong enough to get combined with the system information (Thierauf 1984). This combination will provide managers with the unique and valuable tool for the information management in any company (Cassidy and Cresswell, 1997). 2.1.1 What is a system? The system is capable of converting the collected data from the routine user and machine interactions in to the effective information which later on is used by the decision makers to make efficient decisions. In the management information system, the most important entity is system itself which is set of defined and interrelated components which are generally described as all of the direct or indirect complex components or elements that are related in a casual network. Within any particular time period, all of these complex components are related in more or less stable way with at least some other components (Thierauf 1984). So a well developed and interactive system is one which provides best and useful information to the managers at all levels. 2.1.2 Information system? The best system is one that provides useful information and user interaction at all levels. An information system is a collection of activities, procedures, methods, technology and peoples that are organized to get the valuable related data and information. This system must also be able to store this information until it is required by the user. It should be capable of data processing and responding to its end user by providing the answers to all set of queries. Information systems should best interacts and communicates with the end user In order to provide the accurate required information (Knight Silk, 1990). 2.1.3 Management Information System The information system which is composed of formalized procedures that can provide all of the relevant appropriate information at all levels to all of the managers is called management information system (MIS). This system uses all of the internal and external resources to provide data and information to the end users which enable them to take timely decisions that are effective from the directing, planning and controlling point of view. As a whole this is an efficient system that can provide all of the required information to the management at all levels at appropriate times. Management information system is basically an affective combination of human and technology resources that results in data storage, collection, and communication, data retrieval and usage. In managerial operations and business planning, these MIS systems play a vital role in business success (Lucey, 1989). In literature, there are several definitions of the management information systems (Lucey, 1989, Thierauf, 1984). The system is capable of converting the collected data from the routine user and machine interactions in to the effective information which later on is used by the decision makers to make efficient decisions. The specialized systems that are being used for decision making for the management at all levels are generally known as management information systems (Thierauf, 1984). Information systems are of significant importance in any type of organization, generally, it is really impossible for any organization to operate without any sort of information system. These information systems are developed by focusing the needs and requirements of the particular organization which are unique for every other organization. In the early 1960s, the importance of system designers and administrators gained much importance and attention. In an organization, at the administrative level, management information systems are composed up of the human and machine combination that are used to fulfill the information demands at these levels. In very large organizations, these MIS are also a combination of many interrelated sub systems which are sharing the same resources for data and processing. While discussing the concept of MIS in an organization, this activity is considered just as a part of all of the other ongoing activities. This MIS activity is important because it equips the top management with all of the information about the lower management and maintains a continuous flow of information throughout the organization. MIS system also facilitates the owners of the organizations with the general information about the organization. The main advantage of MIS system in an organization is to maintain appropriate information flow that can be achieved by dividing organizations in to different sub systems with some integrated and unique functions. This function integration of the sub system must be much efficient to make the whole organization as an affective MIS system. By adopting this approach, as soon as all of the needs of the sub systems are achieved, all of the needs of the organization are achieved. In literature, there are many characteristics discussed for an effective MIS system (Cassidy and Creswell, 1997). Some of them are listed below: MIS system should be composed of integrated sub systems with the ability of forward and backward looking systems. MIS system should be capable of planning and controlling the clearly defined business activities. MIS system should be capable of generating the reports that can help the management at all level in planning and controlling all of their current and expected business activities. MIS system should be able to retrieve the information about the operations control at appropriate time and should allow the transactional data processing. For the timely response, MIS system should have the batch processing as well as interactive operational modes. In order to store the data that is being frequently accessed, MIS system should use all of the data protection procedures that can assure to authorize user in more protective way. In order to extract the relative information quickly, MIS system should have appropriate data storage medium like random or direct access storage. In order to generate the meaningful and affective output for the ongoing control operations, MIS system should enable the standard and custom made model that must have the storage medium for the online data. 2.2 Educational Management Information System The revolution in the information and communication technologies (ICTs) has greatly influenced the life style of whole world. Over the past several years, ICT infrastructure is considered as a symbol for a countrys development. In every way of life, there is a vital role of these Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) by all means to improve the quality, standardizing the different stakeholders role and imparting the operating procedures (Ed Crowley, 2003). ICTs has a proven role in the field of medical, business, industry, entertainment, communications but now these technologies has emerging efficient role in education field. In developing countries, especially like Pakistan education sector is one of the core areas that require more attention for the countrys rapid development. The goal of every educational institute is to provide the quality education to all of its students. In these institutes management at all level continuous strives to achieve this aimed goal. Universities are hiring highly qualified professors and equipping their scientific laboratories with latest equipments, adding new technologies and books to their libraries. In these educational institutes the concept of digital libraries is also introduced, in classrooms multimedia projects are installed. The concept of distant learning, different tutorials like web and disk based as well as the concept of audio and visual data to aid lectures is introduced in these instit utes. In short, ICTs have played a major significant role for knowledge dissemination among various groups in these educational institutes. In order to get the maximum benefits of the available facilities of hardware and software, it is not enough to just connecting the laboratories with the internet facility but there is lot more in to this. This type of human attitude towards the computer resources propose that there is always a need for some educational intervention to get the possible benefits. The better usage of information and communication technologies (ICTs) can be attained by pedagogic intercessions (Jorge Ferreira Franco et all, 2006). As the issues raises, it starts creating interesting opportunities for the individuals and organizations for improving the individuals understandability and skills. From the educational point of view, it is believed that when the individuals discernment is challenged and they receive any sort of intellectual or practical support then their productive and creative talents are used which can also be enhanced (Jorge Ferreira Franco et all, 2006). In all this competitive ICTs equipped educational institutes there is much more than the quality education that is expected by the students. Students need quality service in all of the required information that is required by them. In order to present their day to day problems, students needs environment that can facilitate them in every way. Different higher educational institutes are continuously striving to achieve this target. For example when a student require his transcripts after courses finalization then it can take more than a month time when there is conventional system installed in educational institutes. It can take more time because of the limited number of acting staff members that are dealing with the results and transcripts issuing process. There are many other daily issues that can arise every day and this limited number of staff will not be able to prompt instantaneously to all of the students. In order to handle such hectic routine universities used to employee mor e employees but as its known that increasing manpower can never solve the problem so another solution is required that can cope up with all such issues. There are many activities that can not be handled with simple processing applications and they are also much time consuming but these are simple processes like admission, registration, conduction of examination, keeping track of the employees and students and managing both employees and students accounts (Marlon Pierce et all, 2002). In order to manage thousands of its students and employees the best effective way is to use the information and communication technologies in more efficient way. Educational management system (EMIS) is an example of such an information system that has been developed over past several years to get the maximum benefits from the human and machine interaction to generate the appropriate information. This concept of EMIS has been imported from the business world which represents a system for information processing for educational management. This system is not developed to replace the statistics based system and this system itself is not a statistical system. This system has been developed to handle all data types which may be statistical in nature. An authoritative professional is required to train this data as reliable, verified, authoritative and professionally trained. This authority must be professional and independent entity that must be acceptable by all of the other users in an organization. When an information system is being developed then it is very much necessary to get the exact and reliable statistics before this system get applied t o any sort of management. Information systems are always designed to process valid data into information not the garbage data. In educational management systems, these information systems should address both of the management and statistics in more efficient way and should produce information in an affective format. In literature, there are many definitions and descriptions about the EMIS systems as its being developed over the past several years (EPRD, 1997). Educational management system is a formalized collection of the operational procedures, processes and mutual agreement that are integrated in such a way that it can produce useful information and data for the educational institutes and all of related entities like teachers, students and other management at all levels. All of the data relevant to the concerned entities is aggregated, collected and organized, managed and processed which is then disseminated across the organization and is used by the concerned authorities and management at all levels to take the beneficial decisions for the educational institutes (EPRD, 1997). EMIS contains all of the relevant information that is required by the educational managers at all levels to support all of their activities. EMIS systems always responds to the consumers for the affective information and serves the needs of end users, therefore it can be said that these information systems are serving on the basis of demand response methodology. In order to get the maximum benefits out of this information system it is very much necessary that the process chain of information management and in the transaction between the end users demand of information and the system response of information delivery, all of the statistics must be updated and reviewed properly. If this whole chain of information management is not properly maintained then there will be no meaningful information from the data aggregation and processing. The system integration is also much important in EMIS to get the best possible outcome from the system because if there will be any problem with the system integration it will results in irrelevant information delivery that will make whole EMIS as an irrelevant system. In order to work these EMIS systems up to dated, it is necessary to conduct clients surveys. These surveys will help the educational institutes to cope up with all of the newly raised requirements and then it will give up dated response to its consumers. These surveys will also help to figure out the needs of producers and will generate a user friendly and interpretable services and products accordingly. Educational institutes should also create general awareness among the users about the advantages of these EMIS systems that can provide information for decision making. In order to avoid a total system loss, it is very much important that these EMIS systems should be self sustainable and they must have a back up even if master system will fail to fulfill the requirements of all of its end users. At the very earlier stage of system development it is important to train the individual entities but at the later stage of capacity building this training is not of much importance. EMIS systems have been employed in many different countries as a big success and there these systems have provided support services and capacity building to the distributed as well as the decentralized statistical functions. There are many specialized functions needed for the EMIS development such as setting the standards, development of application software, quality control, providing technical assistance and training services as well as coordinating annual statistics production. System integration is an important step in EMIS development because all of the loose parts will be combined efficiently can develop an affective system output. Quality control is also of much significance because it can assure quality checks at all levels. In educational institutes, an effective and efficient information management system that should help management at all level for planning, policy making, and management can be developed by adopting common data collection instruments, by developing data processing software and by adopting all of the procedures for quality control and assurance. Such a developed system can assure the effective performance of all of the statistical functions in the institutes. The processes of data collections its entry and verification are all very close to the source. This data is then transmitted as an electronic copy all around the institute. At every level of management, this data is analyzed on the basis of the users requirements which ensure the minimization of inconsistency and task duplications. Such a system also ensures the quality, reliability, data validity and effectiveness as well as the end users satisfaction at all levels. 2.3 EMIS in World As discussed above that the concept of educational management information system (EMIS) has been adopted by many developed and developing countries over the past several years. In some of the countries, this technique has failed because of ignoring many important entities and critical procedures that were necessary to adopt in order to ensure its success. In these countries, these EMIS were not big success because they forgot that adopting a new technical name, obtaining funds and grants and improper system adaptation never ensure the adaptation of new technology. In developing countries there are some trends listed for increasing the demand for EMIS (Chapman, 1990). They are: Explosive growth of Educational System This is the foremost and important trend that pressurized the developing countries to make them adopt EMIS systems. This trend will reflect the growth of population which afterward will show the increased rate of participation. It also puts the pressure on the teaching materials and on the stipulation of the qualified teachers and staff. This explosive growth subsequently limited the development of the educational resources and caused the decline in education quality in these developing countries (Chapman Mahlck, 1993). Increased Complexity of Educational System As the educational system has grown explosively in the developing countries, it also results in its complexity. Educational ministry has pursued multiple objective so many different and new course works has been under taken so that education quality can be improved. Increased Financial Pressure Many governments are experiencing the increased financial pressure so they need to adopt those resource allocation procedures that are efficient in longer run. International Funding In order to attract international funding agencies in the area of education, it is necessary to provide them with the quantitative data that must show the success and progress of the educational projects. These agencies are pressurizing the developing countries so that they can also justify their own accountability. In developing countries, they are financing only when they get accurate statistics and data that can evaluate their funded projects so they require strict accountability. Low Cost Information Technology As technology is advancing so it is available at very low cost. In these developing countries, large data amount is being handled by using the low cost advanced information technology. All around the world, there are policies of different organizations to improve the educational systems. UNESCO is also one of the organizations that has strategic objectives in the field of education with their clear policy of improving the quality of education. This policy includes the agenda of improving educational quality through diversification of methods and content, diffusion, experimentation promotion, dialogue, by adopting best practices, innovation and by information sharing. Information and technology advancement has put the pressure all around the globe to adopt these ICTs in their educational system and tech them to the students. This learning of advanced ICTs is very important to cope up with the challenges of 21st century. UNESCO, in its World educational report discussed some of the fundamental implications that ICTs have for the conventional learning and teaching (UNESCO World Education Report, 1998). In order to meet all of the requirements that are must for the int egration of these ICTs in the conventional systems there are some frameworks proposed in different publications (UNESCO World Education Report, 2002). These are fundamental requirements that are identified as the important strategies for the teacher education, for managing the change process in learning, for managing change process in adopting and integration of these ICTs. Technology has become a catalyst that is transforming the learning and whole education systems (UNESCO World Education Report, 1998). Different multimedia projects have been employed that are using the information visualization techniques and are beneficial for the citizens of the far distant countries. In this way, students from the distant countries are also learning new technologies. These multimedia applications are also installed in schools so that students can learn new technologies at the very basic school level. This helped the school community to explore both the real and virtual technologies within the context information and by using the interactive visualized systems (John P. Dougherty et all, 2002). In terms of information technology (IT), there have been substantial discussions for the preparation of the workforce that can work globally. In developing countries, still there are limited resources along with the limited number of professionals that can make best use of this IT so the promise to increase the productivity in educational system by the use of IT is still on hold. In order to succeed at any level of life, it is now a must to incorporate these IT in their careers so that the rapid change of the world can be handled (John P. Dougherty et all, 2002). All around the world, these EMIS started as a result of the individual research projects or as an innovative idea that has been initiated by academic individuals by taking risks that result in the development of the web based initiatives which were not a complete system. On the other hand, there are now many complete systems that are well planned, institutionally comprehensive and systematically integrated (JC Taylor, 2001). For example, at the University of Southern Queensland, where there is history of distant learning for almost 25years, there the transformation to the IT environment was a natural step. The organization itself as a whole adopted this new move rather than by just adopting by some individuals. They adopted the web based information and communications technologies at universities and reflect on element of the corporate mission statement i.e. To be a leader in flexible learning and the use of information and communications technologies (JC Taylor, 2001). The word portal has gained much attention in past several years which means door entrance or gate (Winston Dictionar, 2009). In higher educational systems, it is difficult and risky but is necessary to develop a portal so that the educational system can compete and realize the importance of ICTs. In this way, universities and colleges can get a very clear idea about the benefits of investing on to the enterprise systems, data warehouses and in other information services. By developing their own portals, educational institutes can integrate services, information and other infrastructure so that uniform information will flow all around the institute. Its a big challenge to incorporate higher education and technology, same is the case with portal strategy but the result is always beneficial to the organization. 2.4 EMIS in Pakistan EMIS is not a new field of study, but as we see that now it is receiving more importance around the globe. But in Pakistan in past few decades EMIS research encircle Basic Primary education System but my research on EMIS in HE of Pakistan is completely new area of research for Pakistan. Also the Educational Organizations are learning new methods of enhancing the efficiency of their organizations, individually and as a whole as a group. In Pakistan, many reforms have been made after the establishment of the Higher Education Commission (HEC). These reforms target the improvement of the quality of the education as well as to generate more resources for the growth of education in the higher education in the country. In Pakistan, the most recent trend is to improve the processes and resources in the universities. In these days, Engineering and Technology programs has created a big hype so majority of the students are taking admission in these areas. Higher Education Commission (HEC) as well as Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) has set certain critera that universities need to fulfill before offering admissions to students in these areas. This critera required the availability of manpower, certain infrastructure, highly qualified staff, well equipped labs, and quality education process. In order to produce highly qualified and trained staff, HEC is offering certain scholarship and funding schemes so that more qualified manpower can be produced. 2.5 COMSATAS Institutes of Technology 2.5.1 EMIS in COMSATAS Institutes of Technology In order to standardize the universities much attention is driven to the adaptation of new technologies as well as towards the infrastructure development and improvement of the operating procedures. The criteria of HEC for the higher education institutions is very strict and is based on resource counting, collection of performance data and collection of all of the corresponding ratios which are in bottom up manners until the final reports are generated. This evaluation criterion demands the individual assessment system for each department in the university so that independent and quality information can be elaborated. This whole process will result in enhancing the quality of different operating procedures and processes that are being exercised in the institute and will results in enhancing the university ranking. There are many ways by which this feedback loop can be achieved in the higher educational institutions. It is possible that certain reports and indicators may be widely available all around the campus as soon as they are generated so that effective data is readily available. At various decision making points, the key personnel can take immediate corrective action when required by just keeping a sharp eye on these reports. This is significant in a way that it will increase the awareness in the whole academic community. Whenever administration decides for any required change then all of the standard measures can be taken. The possible measure that can increase the reliability of the feedback loop is to make sure that all of the relevant elements in the institutional information system are readily available. By adopting this technique, all of the entities will be permanently connected and consulted the information all around the institute. Other measure that can be adopted is that all of the old practice that are being performed at different departments can be refined. This process of refinement needs the experience that has already accumulated and it can also take into account the suggestions by all of its users or the involved entities. The intention for the development of the EMIS for COMSATS IIT was to refine most of the activities that were being performed at various levels in different departments of the university. This refinement will be done by taking in mind all of the accumulated users suggestions and from the experience of the all of the involved entities. In this EMIS, a new service layer has been added that corresponds to the extraction of all of the related derived information. This information is particularly designed to support university management at several levels. 2.5.2 COMSATS University Online System (CU-Online) In order to get the advantage of the maximum possible ICT utilization, COMSATS IIT, Pakistan has developed an automated educational management system which is commonly known as CU-Online (Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000). This system has been developed to create an integrated educational system. This system aims to maintain all of the information related to the students, facilitate the employees to access all of the resources related to the curriculum that can help them in lesson planning, examination conduction, results reporting and managing all of the other students and teachers accounts. This system has the capability to report and analyze different data and information for the individual users and collective users that can help them at all levels to get a broader picture of the whole educational institute and system. This system has been developed with the intention to provide user connectivity everywhere all times as a pure web based application. It provides academic, transactional a nd administrative access to all its users which results in development of the collaborative campus. In CU-Online system there are four main components that constitute its environment (Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000). They are: Data Student/Parent Management, faculty, staff Hardware In this EMIS system, there are various stakeholders like faculty, parents and students and management and staff. Faculty needs this system to plan their lessons and curriculum, for progress report and class assessment. This is a tool by which faculty can communication with parents and students. It also reports the progress towards students goals. This EMIS enables the parents and students to keep a check of the progress reports, work assignments. They can also check their work assignments and progress towards their graduation requirements. Management and staff use this system to achieve all of the staff and student information (Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000). This system has modules for admission, student information system, library, human resource management, course portal, inventory and hardware monitoring and for fee and accounts. In COMSATS IIT, the introduction of ICTs not only automates all of the departments but also facilitates all of the involved entities in the university. Students are getting quality education and they are required many facilitations in different aspects. In order to earn good name to university, management is required to adopt quality procedure and must assure quality at all level of management. While in a university, students can come across many different procedures and problems so this system must facilitate them in every aspect so that they can only concentrate on their studies. Similarly staff and faculty members must avoid all of the cumbersome procedures and must only perform their required duties (Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000). All of such facilities must reach to the users with ease on their desktops.

Financial aid Essay

REGISTRATION ?THERE IS A COMPULSORY FIRST YEAR SEMINAR THAT ALL FIRST YEAR STUDENTS MUST ATTEND PRIOR to the date of registration. The first year seminar dates will be communicated to you during November 2014. Failing to attend the first year seminar may lead to your space being allocated to another applicant. ?YOUR DATE OF REGISTRATION WILL BE COMMUNICATED TO YOU DURING NOVEMBER 2014. YOU need to register before or on the specified registration date. If you miss this specific registration date, your study space can no longer be guaranteed as we may then  allocate the space to another applicant. Registration dates can also be found on the UJ website at www. uj. ac. za from December 2014 onwards. NATIONAL BENCHMARK TESTS You are required to complete the National Benchmark Test. For more information please go to http://nbt. ac. za or contact the NBT Call Centre at 021 650 3523. FEES Information on tuition and other fees due for 2015 will be available during November 2014. Please visit the UJ website at www. uj. ac. za for more information. BURSARIES Academic merit bursaries are awarded on the grounds of exceptional grade 12 results. Please visit the UJ website at www. uj. ac. za for more information. NSFAS (NATIONAL STUDENT FINANCIAL AID SCHEME) The closing date for the NSFAS loan applications is 1 October 2014 and all enquiries in this regard can be made to nsfas@uj. ac. za RESIDENCE Admission to the University does not guarantee admission to the residences. If you applied for admission to a residence, you will receive a separate letter in this regard. AGREEMENT AND INDEMNITY  ?YOU WILL BE REQUIRED TO COMPLETE, SIGN AND SUBMIT A FORMAL AGREEMENT (INCLUDING AN exemption and indemnity) with the University when you register. ?IF YOU ARE UNDER THE AGE OF 18, A PARENT OR GUARDIAN MUST SIGN THE REQUIRED FORM. ?YOU WILL BE REGISTERED ON THE STRICT UNDERSTANDING THAT YOU AGREE TO ABIDE BY THE Student Charter rules and the Academic Regulations of the University of Johannesburg and of the faculty. ? YOU UNDERTAKE TO PAY THE PRESCRIBED FEES AND ACCEPT THAT YOU ARE BOUND BY THE provisions of the formal agreement. Sincerely, Student Enrolment Centre 011 559 4555.

The schematization of aesthetics was founded in Ancient times

The schematization of aesthetics was founded in Ancient times, which is manifested in Plato and Aristotle’s philosophies. Plato stance on aesthetic is very negative because it can distract the innate nature of soul. But his pessimism on aesthetics specifically of arts in general is best represented in his conjecture that an art â€Å"is thrice removed from reality†. Aristotle, on the other hand, has positive note on aesthetics because he sees art as representation of Forms or of truth. From these two ancient philosophers, the debate and conceptualization of aesthetics has transformed greatly in different periods. Friedrich Nietzsche posits that aesthetics is a means of preservation, meaning, beauty for him is encapsulated in terms of life prolongation. Leo Tolstoy postulated that aesthetics is based on peasant artistry because these workers understand the beauty of life. The complexities of aesthetics have metamorphosized throughout the progression of different civilizations and epochs of philosophy. In line with this, contemporary aestheticians like Jun'ichiro Tanizaki and Susanne K. Langer joined the bandwagon to advance aesthetics epistemic views. And these contemporary philosophers agreed on one point, that aesthetics or the valuation of beauty, as well as, its intricacies, nuances and elements, is greatly influenced by geographic positioning. This assertion was deduced from the fact that in every period novel idea on aesthetics sprouted wherein this period shaped new debates on the topic at hand. In summation, each period in philosophy supplemented new keys on the development of philosophy. In Tanizaki’s In Praise of Shadows, he juxtaposed Oriental aestheticism to Western aestheticism wherein he highlighted the significance of going back to the remnants of the past because it served as the defining moment of every stance on arts. He argued that one must embrace his own aesthetics even if it is tarnished and old because it is the precursor of one’s culture and tradition, and therefore, any concept of beauty from foreign culture must be disregarded altogether since it can eradicate the innate nature of one’s aesthetics. This is very prominent in the character of Tanizaki because when he was just a budding novelist he appreciated Western aestheticism, which has influenced his writing during those times, until he realized that he must represent Japanese concept of arts and beauty through literature. Tanizaki conjectured that the key note in Japanese concept of beauty is founded on the ideas of shadow. The architectural blueprint of traditional Japanese highly embodies shadows manifested through the quiet and murky interiors, which emanates a nostalgic atmosphere due to the independent existence and presence of shadows.   Tanizaki reinforced his idea of shadow in the articulateness of beauty in the form of polished tableware, temple toilets, kimonos, and Japanese stage, which are highly affected by the intensity of its dark spectrum. In lieu to this, Tanizaki pointed out that if light was applied on Japanese aesthetics all of its essence will diminish because light is the attribute of Western aestheticism, and likewise will happen if darkness was incorporated to Western arts. His basis on the above mentioned arguments is embedded on his credence on the delineation of Western culture and Japanese culture. According to Tanizaki, Western citizens in ancient times give importance to gold because it emanates unspeakable beauty when candlelight reflects it. On the other hand, Japanese people vehemently dislike light because it exposes the imperfection of their own white skin. According to Thomas J. Harper (translator of In Praise of Shadows), Tanizaki distinguish Japanese aestheticism based on shadows because it shows an unfathomable yet beautiful reverence and somberness, which is lacking in the magnificently lit arts of the West. Like Tanizaki, Langer also believed that one’s perception of aesthetics is dependent of his geographic positioning. At the first chapter of her book entitled Philosophy in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite, and Art, she defined philosophy as â€Å"characterized more by the formulation of its problems than by its solutions of them†[1], which implies that each groups or societies see things in different perspectives and in their perception of things, they have their own understanding of what they see and have their own questions about it. Therefore, when it comes to beauty or aesthetics definitive schema, each society has the authority to posit their own stance about it, and mostly their stance is deeply rooted in culture and tradition. Tanizaki’s key of aesthetics is logically plausible in Langer’s philosophy since she espoused a relativistic means of understanding the nature of things and the contingency of the universe, in context with aesthetics. But Langer has her own philosophic inclination on beauty, wherein her key is discourse and representation. For Langer, aesthetics expresses the emotive form of arts through symbols and logic. But it must be noted that she saw that the main problem in expressing aesthetic is the means of expressing it. According to her, music possesses a degree of mood or emotion towards the meaning of life wherein it represents a form of epistemic valuation and truth. This music that embodies a certain feeling of purely perceptible matters can be expressed in innumerable manners, but the musician has to figure out which manner because wrong choice of manner will annihilate the content of its emotion and its purity. In toto, Langer saw philosophy as perpetually progressing, as well as aesthetics, because different epochs have either discovered or created a new key to elucidate the universe. She purported that the fecundity of new keys in the philosophical realm will always exists because human understanding is innately transformational. Unlike most philosophers like Bertrand Russell who argued that novel ideas in philosophy is impossible because what is left to humanity is to recycle old philosophies, Langer believed that the pasts has influenced on our present cogito but it does not necessarily follow that it will shape the present landscape of philosophizing. The point is that man’s rationality is not fixed; therefore present and future generation can discover or create a new motif of intellectual intercourse, which will eventually define the philosophy of their period. Tanizaki and Langer’s philosophies on aesthetics are significant because of its willingness and openness to the possibility of new keys, in terms of new perspectives and theories. It broadens the horizon of philosophical enterprise since new schemes and conceptualizations are doomed to realization. The only danger on their stance on the concept of â€Å"new keys† is that it jeopardized the universality of things, specifically of aesthetics or beauty. Their postulate that aesthetics valuation is based on geographic positioning or dependent of one’s social constructs breathes relativism, meaning, every perspective on aesthetic is sound and valid, or to put it simply â€Å"beauty is in the eye of the beholder†. And worse, the innateness of aesthetics seems impossible to be exposed because of diverse perceptions on it. REFERENCE: Langer, Susanne K. Philosophy in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite, and Art 3rd edition ed: Harvard University Press, 1957. Tanizaki, Junichiro. In Praise of Shadows. Trans. Charles Moore, Edward G. Seidensticker and Thomas J. Harper: Leetes Island Books 1980. [1] Langer, Susanne. Philosophy in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite, and Art.   Harvard University Press, 1957 p.4.

CHAPTER 29 Essays - 20th Century In The United States, United States

CHAPTER 29 Essays - 20th Century In The United States, United States CHAPTER 29 AMERICA DURING A DIVISIVE WAR , 1963 - 1974 Chapter Outline Chronology 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964 passes; Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; Johnson defeats Barry Goldwater 1965Congress passes Voting Rights Act; Violence hits Watts; U.S. role in Vietnam dramatically expands 1966Supreme Court decides Miranda v. Arizona; United States begins massive air strikes in North Vietnam 1967Large antiwar demonstrations begin 1968Tet offensive begins; Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy assassinated; Civil Rights Act passed; Richard Nixon wins presidency 1969Nixon announces "Vietnamization" policy; My Lai massacre become public 1970U.S. troops enter Cambodia; Congress creates Environmental Protection Agency 1971Stagflation unsets U.S. economy; U.S. dollar begins to "float" on currency markets 1972Watergate burglars caught inside Democratic headquarters' Nixon crushes George McGovern in presidential election 1973OPEC oil embargo begins; Paris Peace Accords signed; Supreme Court decides Roe v. Wade; Special Senate committee begins hearings into "Watergate" 1974House votes impeachment and Nixon resigns; Gerald Ford assumes presidency 1975Saigon falls to North Vietnamese forces 1.Lyndon Johnson, a consummate legislative "wheeler-dealer," greatly expanded government's role in people's lives through a series of initiatives he called the Great Society. a.Johnson used the powerful memory of Kennedy to carry through various Kennedy initiatives. In a sense, Johnson was successfully closing the New Frontier by gaining acceptance of a tax cut and securing passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. b.Johnson won a crushing victory in the election of 1964. c.With broad support in Congress, Lyndon Johnson pushed through a series of domestic programs known collectively as the Great Society. d.With the onset of economic problems in the late 1960s, in evaluating the Great Society, critics unfairly came to attack its costs, pointing out specific failures or condemning the entire plan without crediting the actual good that many of the programs had shown. 2.Escalation in Vietnam sapped the economy and alienated large segments of the population. a.The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave Johnson authority to implement "all necessary measures" in Vietnam. b.The war continued to widen and grew ever more intense throughout 1965 as bombing campaigns widened, and the number of ground troops increased. c.The early years saw the media and the war maintain a traditional relationship in which there was little criticism. Later news coverage helped turn viewers against the war. 3.By 1967, millions joined in opposing the involvement in Vietnam as activism at home increased. a.Social and political activism came to characterize the 1960s as a movement of movements that challenged and questioned numerous traditional laws, attitudes and cultural institutions. b.During the early 1960s, many college students became part of a new political caucus known as the "new left." c.Supporters of the counterculture ridiculed traditional attitudes toward clothing, hair styles, and sexuality; experimented with drugs; and further popularized rock-and-roll music. d.Malcolm X preached a message fundamentally different from traditional civil rights activists such as Martin Luther King, Jr., giving rise to the "Black Power" movement. e.Those who made up the antiwar movement emerged from diverse backgrounds and interests, just as they expressed their opposition to the war in a myriad of ways. 4.The year 1968 was a pivotal time in the history of America's divisive war and of the Sixties. a.The turmoil in Vietnam, 1968, culminated with the Tet offensive. Though a tactical defeat for the communists, it was a political catastrophe to Johnson because it challenged claims of imminent American victory, thus creating a huge credibility gap. b.Antiwar sentiment surged in a new round of turmoil at home as war critic Eugene McCarthy rose in the early presidential primaries. His success led Johnson to drop out of his reelection campaign. These events were overshadowed by the twin assassinations of King and Kennedy. c.Richard Nixon captured the election of 1968 for the Republicans, defeating both Hubert Humphrey and George Wallace. 5.The comeback of Richard Nixon in 1968 was amazing. However, there would be continued polarization in 1969-1974. a.Political fringe groups such as the Weatherman drew a disproportionate amount of attention from the FBI and Nixon who claimed, as the new president, he would be the right person to lead a fight against lawbreaking and violence. b.Nixon made progress in social policy by expanding Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid, but his proposal for welfare reform failed